Eicosanoids - Extremely potent hormone-like molecules made from long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Unlike hormones, eicosanoids, like prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, act in and near the tissue where they are synthesized. Series 1 and 3 prostaglandins generally prevent blood clotting, reduce pain and inflammation, reduce blood sodium, reduce water retention, relax blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. Series 2 prostaglandins produce the opposite affects. Leukotrienes are involved in muscle contraction in the lungs and overproduction can cause asthmatic attacks (see essential fatty acids, LA and ALA).
Endothelial cells – Cells that line the interior surface of heart, blood vessels, and serous cavities of the body.
Enhancers - A set of short sequence elements which stimulate transcription of a gene and whose function is not critically dependent on their precise position or orientation.
Epidemiology – Classically, the study of the occurrence of a disease in a population, especially the factors that influence incidence, severity, and distribution.
Epistasis - In its strictest classical genetic definition, is the interaction of one gene (or locus) with another.
Epigenetics - The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the sequence of nuclear DNA.
Essential Fatty Acids - There are two fatty acids that must be obtained from dietary sources because they cannot be synthesized by the body: linoleic acid (18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3). Sunflower, safflower and walnut oils are good sources of linoleic acid while perilla and flaxseed oils are good sources of alpha-linolenic acids. While ocean fish like halibut, herring and salmon are relatively low in alpha-linolenic acids, they are good sources of the omega-3 fatty acid, DHA (see alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid and eicosanoids).
Etiology - The causes or origins of disease.
Exon – DNA sequences which occur in mRNAs which contain ribosomal binding sites, protein coding sequences, and information for mRNA stability and perhaps cellular location.
Folic Acid - A yellowish-orange compound, C19H19N7O6, of the vitamin B complex group, occurring in green plants, fresh fruit, liver, and yeast. Also called folacin, folate, vitamin Bc.
Gene activity - Transcription, translation, stability, physical association or enzymatic function of molecules ultimately attributable to the same segment of DNA.
Genetic association studies - Statistical analyses that link chromosomal regions with disease subphenotypes or incidence.
Genetic buffering - A property of biological systems whereby stability (robustness) of phenotypic outputs is conferred by gene activities that interact to absorb system perturbations .
Genetic interaction - The non-additive effect that variation (gene deletion) at one genetic locus has on the phenotypic response of a biological system to a defined perturbation. Interactions can be synergistic (enhancing effect of perturbation) or antagonistic (suppressing effect of perturbation).
Genetic interaction network - An experimentally determined set of genetic interactions derived by quantitative phenotypic analysis of single gene knockout strains in comparison with an isogenic reference (i.e., no deletion) strain. Genetic interaction networks are dynamic, depending upon the panel of knockout strains used and the genetic and/or environmental cellular contexts tested .
Genetic system - The genetic underpinnings of a biological system, i.e. the attributes of gene activities and the organization of their interactions that confers properties upon biological systems.
Endothelial cells – Cells that line the interior surface of heart, blood vessels, and serous cavities of the body.
Enhancers - A set of short sequence elements which stimulate transcription of a gene and whose function is not critically dependent on their precise position or orientation.
Epidemiology – Classically, the study of the occurrence of a disease in a population, especially the factors that influence incidence, severity, and distribution.
Epistasis - In its strictest classical genetic definition, is the interaction of one gene (or locus) with another.
Epigenetics - The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the sequence of nuclear DNA.
Essential Fatty Acids - There are two fatty acids that must be obtained from dietary sources because they cannot be synthesized by the body: linoleic acid (18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3). Sunflower, safflower and walnut oils are good sources of linoleic acid while perilla and flaxseed oils are good sources of alpha-linolenic acids. While ocean fish like halibut, herring and salmon are relatively low in alpha-linolenic acids, they are good sources of the omega-3 fatty acid, DHA (see alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid and eicosanoids).
Etiology - The causes or origins of disease.
Exon – DNA sequences which occur in mRNAs which contain ribosomal binding sites, protein coding sequences, and information for mRNA stability and perhaps cellular location.
Folic Acid - A yellowish-orange compound, C19H19N7O6, of the vitamin B complex group, occurring in green plants, fresh fruit, liver, and yeast. Also called folacin, folate, vitamin Bc.
Gene activity - Transcription, translation, stability, physical association or enzymatic function of molecules ultimately attributable to the same segment of DNA.
Genetic association studies - Statistical analyses that link chromosomal regions with disease subphenotypes or incidence.
Genetic buffering - A property of biological systems whereby stability (robustness) of phenotypic outputs is conferred by gene activities that interact to absorb system perturbations .
Genetic interaction - The non-additive effect that variation (gene deletion) at one genetic locus has on the phenotypic response of a biological system to a defined perturbation. Interactions can be synergistic (enhancing effect of perturbation) or antagonistic (suppressing effect of perturbation).
Genetic interaction network - An experimentally determined set of genetic interactions derived by quantitative phenotypic analysis of single gene knockout strains in comparison with an isogenic reference (i.e., no deletion) strain. Genetic interaction networks are dynamic, depending upon the panel of knockout strains used and the genetic and/or environmental cellular contexts tested .
Genetic system - The genetic underpinnings of a biological system, i.e. the attributes of gene activities and the organization of their interactions that confers properties upon biological systems.
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